31Dec 2016

Ameliorating role of melatonin against 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress in testis of Swiss albino mice.

  • Department of Zoology, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
  • Department of Physics, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

Purpose:Owing to growing demand of electronic appliances such as microwave oven and cell phones microwave (MW) radiation has been gradually increasingand itmay adversely affect the reproductive pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorating role of melatonin against 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress in testes of Swiss albino mice. Materials and methods:6-8 weeks old male Swiss albino mice, weighing 35±3gm were procured from inbred colony and were divided into four groups (n = 8/group): Sham exposed, Melatonin (Mel) treated (2mg/kg), Microwave exposed with 2.45 GHz and Microwave + Melatonin (2mg/kg) treated. Microwave exposure was given in plaxiglas cages for 2 hrs/day for 30 days. The power density was measured 0.25 mW/cm2 and the SAR was calculated 0.09 W/kg.Results: After completion of exposure period, mice were sacrificed and various stress related parameters, such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Protein carbonyl content were performed. Resultshows that melatonin prevented oxidative damage biochemically by significant increase (P < 0.001) in SOD, GPx, protein carbonyl content, testicular weight and sperm count (P< 0.01) and decreased (P< 0.001) levels of MDA, CAT and ROS in MW + Mel group compared to MW exposed group.Conclusion: Oxidative stress due to MW radiation caused adverse effects in testes of mice and melatonin supplementation proved to be a strong antioxidant and could improve the detrimental effects of microwave radiation.

  1. Agarwal A, Saleh RA, Bedaiwy MA et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of human reproduction. Fertility and Sterility. 2003;79: 829–
  2. Aitken RJ, Harkiss D, Buckingham D et al. Relationship between iron catalyzed lipidperoxidation potential and human sperm function. Journal of Reproductive Fertility.1993;98: 257–
  3. Al-Damegh M A. Rat testicular impairment induced by electromagnetic radiation from a conventional cellular telephone and the protective effects of the antioxidants vitamins C and E. 2012; 67:785–792.
  4. Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G.Im­munohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. J Pediatr Urol.2013;9(2): 223-229.
  5. Avendano C, Mata A, Sanchez Sarmiento CA, Doncel GF. Use of laptop computers connected to internet through Wi- Fi decreases human sperm motility and increases sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertility and Sterility.2012;97(1): 39-45. e2.
  6. Awad H, Halawa F, Mostafa T, Atta H. Melatonin hormone profile in infertile males. Int J. Androl.2006;29:409-413.
  7. Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposures on the peroxidation status in Wistar rats. Niger Postgrad Med J.2003;10(4): 243-246.
  8. Balci M, Devrim E, DurakI. Effects of mobile phones on oxidant/antioxidant balance in cornea and lens of rats. Curr. Eye Res.2007;32:21–25.
  9. Bayda G, Ercel E, Canatan H, Donder E, Akyol A. Effect of melatonin on oxidative ststus of rat brain, liver and kidney tissues under constant light exposure. Cell Biochemfunct.2001;19: 37-41.
  10. Crouzier D, Testylier G, Perrin A, Debouzy JC. Which neu­rophysiologic effects at low level 2.45 GHz RF exposure?. PatholBiol (Paris). 2007;55(5): 235-241.
  11. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F. Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics.2003; 24: 182–
  12. De-Iullis GN, Newey RJ, King, BV, Aitken Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One.2009;4:e6446–e6454.
  13. Drago F, Frisina M, Grech M et al. Dual effects of melatonin on barbiturate-induced narcosis in rats. Neurosci. Lett.2001;300:176–178.
  14. Durney CH, Iskander M F, Massoudi H, Johnson CC. An empirical formula for broad band SAR calculations of prolate spheroidal models of humans and animal. In: Osepchuk JM. (Ed). Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation, New York:IEEE Press.1984;85–90.
  15. Forgacs Z, Somosy Z, Kubinyi G, Bakos J, Hudák A, Surján A, Thuróczy G. Effects of whole-body 1800MHz GSM-like microwave exposure on testicular steroidogenesis and histology in mice. Reproductive Toxicology.2006; 22:111–117.
  16. Georgiou CD. Oxidative stress-induced biological damage by low-level EMFs: mechanisms of free radical pair electron spin-polarization and biochemical amplification. In: Non-thermal effects and mechanisms of interaction between electromagnetic fields and living matter, Giuliani, L., Soffritti, M. (Eds), Ramazzini Institute European J. Oncology Library2010;5: 66-113.
  17. Gulcin I, Buyukokuroglu ME, Kufrevioglu OI. On the in vitro antioxidative properties of melatonin. J. Pineal. Res. 2003;34: 278-281.
  18. Havas M. Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy: A critical review of the reports by the US National Research Council and the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences as they relate to the broad realm of EMF bio effects. Environmental Reviews.2000;8:173–253.
  19. Hossmann KA, Hermann DM. Effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics.2003;24(1): 49-62.
  20. Ilhan A, Gurel A, Armutcu F et al. Ginkgo biloba prevents mobile phone-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2004;340:153–162.
  21. Kesari KK, Behari J. Effects of microwave at 2.45 GHz radiations on reproductive system of male rats. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry.2010a;92:1135-1147.
  22. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology.2010b;48:987-992.
  23. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves exposure from cellular phone on reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.2011;164:546-
  24. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology.2010;48:987–
  25. Kim JY, Kim HT, Moon KH, Shin HJ. Long-term exposure of rats to a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field: Effects on reproductive function. Korean Journal of Urology.2007;48:1308-1314.
  26. Koc M,Taysi S, Buyukokuroglu ME, Bakan N. Melatonin protects rat liver against irradiation-induced oxidative injury. J. Radiat. Res.2003;44:211–215.
  27. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari Influence of microwave exposure on fertility of male rats. Fertility and Sterility.2011a; 95:1500-1502.
  28. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. The therapeutic effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the reproductive patterns of male Wistar rats exposed to a 2.45-GHz microwave field. Clinics.2011b;66:1237-1245.
  29. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. The therapeutic effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the reproductive patterns of male Wistar rats exposed to a 2.45-GHz microwave field. Clinics (Sao Paulo).2011;66(7): 1237-1245.
  30. Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male wistar rats following microwave exposure. Ind. J. Exp. Biol.2010;48:586–592.
  31. Lee KS, Kim SR, Park SJ, Min KH, Lee KY, Jin SM, Yoo WH, Lee YC. Antioxidant down regulates interleukin-18 expression in asthma. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006;70:1184-1193.
  32. Levine RL, Williams J, StadtmanE R, Shacter E. Carbonyl assays for determination of oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol.1994;233:346–357.
  33. Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Paulraj R, Verma HN, Kavindra KK. Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2013;1536:8386.
  34. Meral I, Mert H, Mert N et al. Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res.2007;1169:120–124.
  35. Naziroglu M, Gumral N. Modulator effects of L-carnitine and selenium on wireless devices (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress and electroencephalography records in brain of rat. Int J Radiat Biol.2009;85(8): 680-689.
  36. Nisbet H, OzlemNisbet C, Akar A, Cevik M, Karayigit MO. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8/0.9 GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats. Research in Veterinary Science.2012;93:1001-1005.
  37. Oksay T, Naziroglu M, Dogan S, Guzel A, Gumral N, Ko­sar PA. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. (In Press). 2012..
  38. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H et al. Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch. Med. Res.2005;36:350–355.
  39. Oral B, Guney M, Ozguner F et al. Endometrial apoptosis induced by a 900-MHz mobile phone: preventive effects of vitamins E and C. Adv. Ther.2006;23:957–973.
  40. Pasqualotto FF, Sharma RK, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ, Agarwal, A. Relationship between oxidative stress, semen characteristics, and clinical diagnosis in men undergoing infertility investigation. Fertility and Sterility.2000;73: 459–
  41. Paulraj R, Behari J. Radiofrequency radiation effect on protein kinase C activity in rats brain. Mutation Research. 2004;585: 127-131.
  42. Pieri C, Marra M, Marcheselli F, Recchioni R. Melatonin : Peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E. Life. Sci.1994;55: 271-276.
  43. Ramadan LA, Abd-Allah AR,  Aly HA, Saad-el-Din AA. Testicular toxicity effects of magnetic field exposure and prophylactic role of coenzyme Q10 and L-carnitine in mice. Pharmacological Research.2002;46:363-370.
  44. Rao, V. S, Titushkin IA, Moros EG et al. Nonthermal effects of radiofrequency-field exposure on calcium dynamics in stem cell-derived neuronal cells: Elucidation of calcium pathways. Radiat. Res.2008;169:319–329.
  45. Reiter RJ., Tan, D. X., Cabrera, J., D’Arpa, D., Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., Ramos, S. The oxidant/antioxidant network: Role of melatonin. Biological Signals and Receptors.1999;8:56–63.
  46. Reiter The role of the neurohormone melatonin as a buffer against macromolecular oxidative damage. Neurochemistry International.1995;27:453-460.
  47. Reiter RJ. Melatonin aspects of exposure to low frequency electric and magnetic fields: Advances in electromagnetic fields in living systems. In J. C. Lin (Ed.), New York: Plenum. 1997;2:1–
  48. Reiter Melatonin: Lower the high price of free radicals. News Physiol. Sci.2000;15: 246–250.
  49. Russo A, Troncoso N, Sanchez F, Vanella A. Propolis protects human spermatozoa from DNA damage caused by benzopyrene and exogenous reactive oxygen species. Life Sciences.2006;78:1401–
  50. Rastogi RP, Singh SP,Hader DP, Sinha RP. Detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the oxidant sensing probe 2\'7\'-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate in the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis PCC 7937. Biochem. Biophys.Res.Commun. 2010;397: 603-607.
  51. Saygin M, CaliskanS, Karahan N, Koyu A, Gumral N, Uguz A. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological chang­es induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field. ToxicolInd Health. 2011;27(5): 455-463.
  52. Shang X, Huang Y, Ye Z, Yu X, Gu W. Protection of melatonin against damage of sperm mitochondrial function induced by reactive oxygen species. Zhonghua Nan KeXue.2004;10:604–607.
  53. Shen HM, Ong CN. Detection of oxidative DNA damage in human sperm and its association with sperm function and male infertility. Free Radical Biology & Medicine.2000;2: 529–
  54. Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic  J et al. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J. Radiat. Res.2008;49: 579–586.
  55. Szejda P, Parde JW, Seeds MS, Bass D.AFlow cytometric quantitation of oxidative product formation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes during phagocytosis. J. Immunol.1984;133: 3303-3307.
  56. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ,  Plummer BF, Limson J, Weintraup ST, Qi W. Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: a new metabolic path-way. Free Radical. Biol. Med.2000;29: 1177–1185.
  57. Wang J, Sakurai T, Koyama S, Komatubara Y, Suzuki Y, Taki M et al. Effects of 2450 MHz electromagnetic fields with a wide range of SARs on methylcholanthrene-in­duced transformation in C3H10T1/2 cells. J Radiat Res.2005;46(3): 351-361.

[C.L. Jonwal, Rashmi Sisodia, V. K. Saxena, Archana Sharma and Faiza Rifat. (2016); Ameliorating role of melatonin against 2.45 GHz microwave radiation induced oxidative stress in testis of Swiss albino mice. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 4 (Dec). 2846-2856] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Rashmi Sisodia
Department of Zoology, university of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/2712      
DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/2712

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 45 | No. of Views: 195